Abstract
Substance use disorder (SUD) recovery typically requires transformative change and prioritizing long-term healthy goals. Unfortunately, successful recovery is threatened by relapse rates that often exceed 50% in the first year. We previously reported on an experiential virtual reality (VR) SUD recovery intervention using personalized future self-avatars that produced emotional engagement and positive behavioral change, ie, stronger connection with the future self and future rewards and reduced craving. Here, we used fMRI to identify brain engagement to a future self experience with divergent futures.
Twenty adults (14 male, 33 years old) in early SUD recovery (<1 year) interacted with age-progressed versions of themselves in two different VR future ‘realities’: an SUD Future Self and a Recovery Future Self. Vivid lifelike visual and audio animation was augmented with a personalized narrative concerning future drug use and recovery. MRI immediately followed. Participants viewed videos of their future selves in the virtual environment and were directed to contemplate what they were seeing.
Viewing and contemplating the future selves elicited activation in midline default mode regions (posterior cingulate and ventromedial prefrontal cortices), visual regions including the occipital and fusiform face areas, and left middle frontal gyrus. The Recovery Future Self produced significant left occipital face area activation compared with the SUD Future Self. Midline default mode activation correlated with VR-induced increases in delayed reward preference, and also with greater trait perseverance.
Using digital selves as therapeutic agents reveals an entirely novel set of possible interventions and opens exciting new frontiers in behavior change methodology. Future studies targeting decision-making and future behavior could be informed by evaluating increased midline default mode engagement, with uniquely self-focused mechanisms signaled by executive network and face area coactivation. New hope for treatment-resistant mental health conditions is offered by the nearly limitless range of therapeutic experiences enabled by immersive digital therapeutics.
Plain Language Summary High relapse rates in early recovery remains a serious challenge. To promote better outcomes, our team recently developed a virtual reality experience where people interacted with future versions of themselves. We used magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to understand how the brain activated to this experience, and what brain responses were linked to positive outcomes.
We worked with 20 adults in early recovery. Each person used virtual reality to interact with two different future selves: one who had returned to substance use, and one who had stayed in recovery. These digital future selves looked and sounded like the participants and were paired with a personalized story about future drug use and recovery. Right after the virtual reality session, participants’ brains were scanned while they watched videos of these future selves and were asked to think about what they were seeing.
When people viewed and reflected on their future selves, brain areas involved in self-reflection and imagining the future became more active, along with regions that process faces. The future selves triggered brain activation in “self-focused” brain networks and in face-processing regions. Activity in key “self-focused” brain regions was linked to choosing larger, delayed rewards over smaller, immediate ones, and to lower impulsivity.
These findings suggest that lifelike digital versions of people’s future selves engage brain systems that support thinking ahead, persistence, and valuing long-term outcomes. This creates a promising new avenue for immersive digital therapeutic experiences to encourage lasting behavior change in early recovery from substance use disorder.
Competing Interest Statement
Dr. Oberlin and Mr. Nelson, founders of Relate XR, LLC, an STTR NIH applicant, are inventors of a patent filed by Indiana University on the technology described in the manuscript.
Clinical Trial
This was a pilot study examining the neural responses to an intervention; analyses were within-subjects comparisons to control conditions, and no independent sham or placebo group was tested.
Funding Statement
Indiana Clinical and Translational Sciences Institute Project Development Team (PRMC UL1TR001108) and the Indiana University Department of Psychiatry
Author Declarations
I confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained.
Yes
The details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below:
IRB of Indiana University gave ethical approval for this work (IRB Protocol #1805574553).
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Data Availability
All data produced in the present study are available upon reasonable request to the authors
